Vulnerability management programs systematically scan networks, applications, and systems to discover security weaknesses before attackers exploit them. The process includes automated vulnerability scanning, manual penetration testing, risk-based prioritization using CVSS scores and threat intelligence, and tracking remediation to closure. For instance, a financial institution might conduct weekly scans, prioritize critical vulnerabilities in internet-facing systems for patching within 48 hours, and accept lower-risk issues in isolated networks with compensating controls. Effective programs integrate with change management, asset inventory, and patch management processes to maintain a reduced attack surface.