Operational Reliability Engineering uses techniques like failure mode analysis, reliability-centered maintenance, predictive analytics, and asset performance management to minimize unplanned downtime and extend asset life. Practitioners analyze failure data, identify root causes, optimize maintenance intervals, and implement condition-based monitoring. This reduces operational risk from equipment failures while controlling maintenance costs. A petrochemical refinery implemented reliability engineering programs including vibration monitoring on critical pumps, failure mode analysis of heat exchangers, and optimized inspection intervals, reducing unplanned shutdowns by 40% and saving $12 million annually in lost production and emergency repairs.