Cybersecurity risk encompasses threats from malicious actors, system vulnerabilities, human error, and technological failures that could compromise digital assets and operations. Key concerns include data breaches, ransomware, denial-of-service attacks, insider threats, and supply chain compromises. Organizations assess cybersecurity risk by evaluating threat landscapes, asset criticality, vulnerability exposure, and control effectiveness. The 2021 Colonial Pipeline ransomware attack demonstrated how cybersecurity risk can cascade into operational disruption, causing fuel shortages across the eastern United States and prompting a $4.4 million ransom payment to restore systems.